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Oil yields and characteristics

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Quality standard for rapeseed oil fuel
Cetane Numbers
National standards for biodiesel
-- standards and the homebrewer
-- standard testing
Fuel properties of fats and oils
Fuel properties of esters
Fats and oils -- resources

Quality Standard for Rapeseed Oil

Quality Standard for Rapeseed Oil as a Fuel (RK-Qualitätsstandard)
Properties /Contents
Unit
Limiting Value
Testing Method
min.
max.
Characteristic properties for Rapeseed 0il
Density (15ºC)
kg/m3
900
930
DIN EN ISO 3675
DIN EN ISO 12185
Flash Point
by P.-M.
ºC
220
-
DIN EN 22719
Calorific Value
kJ/kg
35000
-
DIN 51900-3
Kinematic Viscosity (40ºC)
mm2/S
-
38
DIN EN ISO 3104
Low Temperature Behaviour
-
-
-
Rotational Viscometer (testing conditions will be developed)
Cetane Number
-
-
-
Testing method will be reviewed
Carbon Residue
Mass-%
-
0.40
DIN EN ISO 10370
Iodine Number
g/100 g
100
120
DIN 53241-1
Sulphur Content
mg/kg
-
20
ASTM D5453-93
Variable properties
Contamination
mg/kg
-
25
DIN EN 12662
Acid Value
mg KOH/g
-
2.0
DIN EN ISO 660
Oxidation Stability (110ºC)
h
5.0
-
IS0 6886
Phosphorus Content
mg/kg
-
15
ASTM D3231-99
Ash Content
Mass-%
-
0.01
DIN EN ISO 6245
Water Content
Mass-%
-
0.075
pr EN ISO 12937

Abteilung Technologie nachwachsender Rohstoffe
Arbeitsgruppe Pflanzenöle
Department of Technology, regenerating raw materials
Working Group On Vegetable Oils
Dr. Bernhard Widmann

LTV-Work-Session on Decentral Vegetable Oil Production, Weihenstephan
http://dec2.tec.agrar.tu-muenchen.de/pflanzoel/rkstandard_e.html

See also: Vegetable oil standard: comments by
Elsbett Technology


Comparison of properties of diesel, canola oil and commercial US biodiesel
.
Diesel
Canola Oil
Biodiesel
Density kgL-1 @ 15.5 deg C
0.84
0.92
0.88
Calorific value MJL-1
38.3
36.9
33-40
Viscosity mm2s-1 @ 20 deg C
4-5
70
4-6
Viscosity mm2s-1 @ 40 deg C
4-5
37
4-6
Viscosity mm2s-1 @ 70 deg C
-
10
-
Cetane number
45
40-50
45-65

From "Waste Vegetable Oil as a Diesel Replacement Fuel" by Phillip Calais, Environmental Science, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia, and A.R. (Tony) Clark, Western Australian Renewable Fuels Association Inc.
http://www.shortcircuit.com.au/warfa/paper/paper.htm

1. Sims, R. Yields, Costs and Availability of Natural Oils/Fats as Diesel Fuel Substitutes, Report No LF2021 for the Liquid Fuels Trust Board, Wellington (NZ) 1982
2. Environment Australia (National Heritage Trust) (2000b). Setting National Fuel Quality Standards – Paper 2 - Proposed Standards for Fuel Parameters (Petrol and Diesel), Canberra
3. Beer, T., Grant, T., Brown, R., Edwards, J., Nelson, P., Watson, H., Williams, D. (2000) Life-Cycle Emission Analysis of Alternative Fuels for Heavy Vehicles. CSIRO, Australia

Cetane numbers

Cetane numbers rate the ignition properties of diesel fuels, just as octane numbers determine the quality and value of gasoline (petrol). It's a measure of a fuel's willingness to ignite when it's compressed. The higher the cetane number, the more efficient the fuel. Biodiesel has a higher cetane number than petrodiesel because of its oxygen content.

From the Lubrizol Corporation:
http://www.lubrizol.com/DieselEngines/default.asp

Ignition Quality or Cetane Number -- This factor influences ease of starting, duration of white smoking after start-up, drivability before warm-up and intensity of diesel knock at idle. Studies have correlated ignition quality with all regulated emissions. As ignition delay is reduced, the combustion process starts earlier and emissions (primarily carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons) are reduced.

Ignition delay is measured by the Cetane Number (CN) test (ASTM D 613), which uses a single-cylinder, variable compression ratio engine analogous to the Octane Number engine. In this case, the ignition delay of the test fuel is measured at a fixed compression ratio. This result is compared with the results from standard reference fuels consisting of blends of n-cetane and heptamethylnonane.

Diesel engines vary widely in their cetane requirements, and there is no commonly recognized way to measure this value. In general, the lower an engine's operating speed, the lower the CN of the fuel it can use. Large marine engines can tolerate fuels with CNs as low as 20, while some manufacturers of high-speed passenger car diesel engines specify 55 CN fuel.

National standards for biodiesel

Comparison of different national standards for biodiesel
-
Europe
Austria
Czech Republic
France
Germany
Italy
Sweden
USA
Australia
Standard /
Specification
EN 14214
ON C1191
CSN 65 6507
Journal Officiel
DIN V 51606
UNI 10Ω635
SS 155436
ASTM D-6751
Fuel Standard (Biodiesel) Determination
Date
2003
July 1997
Sep 1998
Sep 1997
Sep 1997
April 1997
Nov 1996
Jan
2002
Sept 2003
Application
FAME
FAME
RME
VOME
FAME
VOME
VOME
FAMAE
-
Density
15°C g/cm
0.86 -0.90
0.85 - 0.89
0.87 - 0.89
0.87 - 0.90
0.875 - 0.90
0.86 -0.90
0.87 - 0.90
-
860 to 890 kg/m3
Viscos. 40°C mm2/s
3.5-5.0
3.5-5.0
3.5-5.0
3.5-5.0
3.5-5.0
3.5-5.0
3.5-5.0
1.9-6.0
3.5-5.0
Distillat.
95% °C
-
-
-
<360
-
<360
-
90% @ 360°C
<360
Flashpoint °C
>120
>100
>110
>100
>110
>100
>100
>130 (150 av.)
>120
CFPP °C
(cold filter plugging point)
*country specific
0/-15
-5
-
0/-10/-20
-
-5
-
-
Pour point °C
-
-
-
<-10
-
<0/
<-15
-
-
-
Sulfur
% mass
<10 mg/kg
<0.02
<0.02
-
<0.01
<0.01
<0.001
<0.05
50 mg/kg (max)
10 mg/kg (max) (from 1 Feb 2006)
CCR 100%
% mass
-
<0.05
<0.05
-
<0.05
-
-
-
-
10% dist. resid.
% mass
<0.3
-
-
<0.3
-
<0.5
-
-
-
Sulfated ash
% mass
<0.02
<0.02
<0.02
-
<0.03
-
-
<0.02
<0.02
(Oxid) Ash
% mass
-
-
-
-
-
<0.01
<0.01
-
-
Water mg/kg
<500
-
<500
<200
<300
<700
<300
<0.05% vol. (water & sediment)
<0.05% vol
(water & sediment)
Total contam. mg/kg
<24
-
<24
-
<20
-
<20
-
<24
Cu-Corros. 3h/50°C
1
-
1
-
1
-
-
<No.3
<10 mg/kg sulfur Class 1 (max)
>10 mg/kg sulfur No. 3 (max)
Oxidation stability hrs;110°C
6 hours min
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
6 hours min
Cetane No.
>51
>49
>48
>49
>49
-
>48
>47
>51
Neutral. No.
(Acid value) mgKOH/g
<0.5
<0.8
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.5
<0.6
<0.8
<0.8
Methanol
% mass
<0.20
<0.20
-
<0.1
<0.3
<0.2
<0.2
-
<0.2
Ester content
% mass
>96.5
-
-
>96.5
-
>98
>98
-
>96.5
Monoglyceride.
% mass
<0.8
-
-
<0.8
<0.8
<0.8
<0.8
-
-
Diglyceride
% mass
<0.2
-
-
<0.2
<0.4
<0.2
<0.1
-
-
Triglyceride
% mass
<0.2
-
-
<0.2
<0.4
<0.1
<0.1
-
-
Free glycerol
% mass
<0.02
<0.02
<0.02
<0.02
<0.02
<0.05
<0.02
<0.02
<0.02
Total glycerol
% mass
<0.25
<0.24
<0.24
<0.25
<0.25
-
-
<0.24
<0.25
Iodine No.
<120
<120
-
<115
<115
-
<125
-
-
Linolenic acid ME %mass
<12
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
C18:3 and high. unsat.acids
% mass
-
<15
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
C(x:4) & greater unsaturated esters % mass
<1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Phosphor
mg/kg
<10
<20
<20
<10
<10
<10
<10
<0.001% mass
<10
Ramsbottom carbon residue, % mass
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
0.10
-
Carbon residue
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
<0.050% by mass
<0.30% mass (10% distillation residue)
<0.050% mass (100% distillation sample)
Gp I metals (Na,K) mg/kg
<5
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
<5
Gp II metals (Ca,Mg) mg/kg
<5
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
<5
Alkalinity mg/kg
-
-
<10
<5
<5
-
<10
-
-

RME: Rapeseed oil methyl ester
FAME: Fatty acid methyl ester
VOME: Vegetable oil methyl ester
FAMAE: Fatty acid mono alkyl ester

US standard -- D6751-02 Standard Specification for Biodiesel Fuel (B100) Blend Stock for Distillate Fuels. Download from the ASTM site, costs $30 (pdf):
http://www.astm.org/cgi-bin/SoftCart.exe/STORE/
filtrexx40.cgi?U+mystore+mofc8213+-L+D6751+/usr6/
htdocs/astm.org/DATABASE.CART/PAGES/D6751.htm


EU standard -- DIN EN 14214, Publication date:2003-11 Automotive fuels - Fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) for diesel engines - Requirements and test methods. Order from Beuth Verlag GmbH ("search" for "EN 14214")
http://www.beuth.de/index_en.php

Australian standard:
http://www.deh.gov.au/atmosphere/biodiesel/index.html

Standards and the homebrewer:
"Most of the standards can be met simply by preparing and washing the fuel well," says Todd Swearingen of Appal Energy.

Standard testing:
Biodiesel fuel testing for the US ASTM D-6751 standard:

Analytical Testing Services, Inc.
http://wetestit.com/

Harris Testing Laboratories, Inc.
http://www.harristestinglab.com/quote/d6751.htm

Fuel properties of fats and oils

Fuel-related properties and iodine values of various fats and oils
Oil or Fat
Iodine Value
CN
HG (kJ/kg)
Viscosity (mm 2/s)
CP (deg C)
PP (deg C)
FP (deg C)
Babassu
10-18
38
-
-
-
-
-
Castor
82-88
?
39500
297 (38 C)
-
-31.7
260
Coconut
6-12
-
-
-
-
-
-
Corn
103-140
37.6
39500
34.9 (38 C)
-1.1
-40.0
277
Cottonseed
90-119
41.8
39468
33.5 (38 C)
1.7
-15.0
234
Crambe
93
44.6
40482
53.6 (38 C)
10.0
-12.2
274
Linseed
168-204
34.6
39307
27.2 (38 C)
1.7
-15.0
241
Olive
75-94
-
-
-
-
-
-
Palm
35-61
42
-
-
-
-
-
Peanut
80-106
41.8
39782
39.6 (38 C)
12.8
-6.7
271
Rapeseed
94-120
37.6
39709
37.0 (38 C)
-3.9
-31.7
246
Safflower
126-152
41.3
39519
31.3 (38 C)
18.3
-6.7
260
High-oleic safflower
90-100
49.1
39516
41.2 (38 C)
-12.2
-20.6
293
Sesame
104-120
40.2
39349
35.5 (38 C)
-3.9
-9.4
260
Soybean
117-143
37.9
39623
32.6 (38 C)
-3.9
-12.2
254
Sunflower
110-143
37.1
39575
37.1 (38 C)
7.2
-15.0
274
Tallow
35-48
-
40054
51.15 (40 C)
-
-
201
No. 2 DF
-
47
45343
2.7 (38 C)
-15.0
-33.0
52

CN = cetane number; CP = cloud point, PP = pour point, FP = flash point.
Iodine values combined from Applewhite, T.H., in Kirk-Othmer, Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology; Third Ed.; John-Wiley & Sons: New York, NY, 1980, Vol. 9; pp. 795-811; and Gunstone, F.D.; Harwood, J.L.; Padley, F.B. Lipid Handbook; Second Ed.; Chapman & Hall: London, 1994.
Fuel properties from Goering, C.E.; Schwab, A.W.; Daugherty, M.J.; Pryde, E.H.; Heakin, A.J. Trans. ASAE 1982, 25, 1472-1477 & 1483.
All tallow values from Ali, Y.; Hanna, M.A.; Cuppett, S.L. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 1995, 72, 1557-1564 (no CN given, calcd. cetane index 40.15).

(From:
Biodiesel: The Use of Vegetable Oils and Their Derivatives as Alternative Diesel Fuels, G. Knothe, R.O. Dunn, and M.O. Bagby, in Fuels and Chemicals from Biomass, Washington, D.C.: American Chemical Society. Download full-text article:
Acrobat file, 912kb
MS Word file, 212kb

Fuel properties of esters

Fuel-related physical properties of esters of oils and fats
Ester
CN
HG
(kJ/kg)
Viscosity
(mm2/s)
CP
(deg C)
PP
(deg C)
FP 1
(deg C)
Methyl
Cottonseed 2
51.2
-
6.8 (21deg )
-
-4
110
Rapeseed 3
54.4
40449
6.7 (40deg )
-2
-9
84
Safflower 4
49.8
40060
-
-
-6
180
Soybean 5
46.2
39800
4.08 (40deg )
2
-1
171
Sunflower 6
46.6
39800
4.22 (40deg )
0
-4
-
Tallow 7
-
39949
4.11 (40deg )
12
9
96
Ethyl
Palm 8
56.2
39070
4.5 (37.8deg )
8
6
19
Soybean 5
48.2
40000
4.41 (40deg )
1
-4
174
Tallow 9
-
-
-
15
12
-

CN = cetane number; CP = cloud point, PP = pour point, FP = flash point.
1. Some flash points are very low. These may be typographical errors in the references or the materials may have contained residual alcohols.
2. Geyer, S.M.; Jacobus, M.J.; Lestz, S.S. Trans. ASAE 1984, 27, 375-381.
3. Peterson, C.L.; Korus, R.A; Mora, P.G.; Madsen, J.P. Trans. ASAE, 1987, 30, 28-35.
4. Isiigür, A.; Karaosmanolu, F.; Aksoy, H.A.; Hamdallahpur, F.; Gülder, Ö.L. Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 1994, 45-46, 93-102.
5. Bagby, M.O. In Proc. 9th Int. Conf. Jojoba Uses, 3rd Int. Conf. New Industr. Crops Prod.; Princen, L.H., Rossi, C., Eds.; Assoc. Advancem. Industr. Crops. publ. 1996; pp. 220-224.
6. Kaufman, K.R.; Ziejewski, M. Trans. ASAE 1984, 27, 1626-1633.
7. Ali, Y.; Hanna, M.A.; Cuppett, S.L. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 1995, 72, 1557-1564.
8. Avella, F.; Galtieri, A.; Fiumara, A. Riv. Combust. 1992, 46, 181-188.
9. Nelson, L.A.; Foglia, T.A.; Dunn, R.O.; Marmer, W.N. submitted for publication.

-- From: Biodiesel: The Use of Vegetable Oils and Their Derivatives as Alternative Diesel Fuels, G. Knothe, R.O. Dunn, and M.O. Bagby, in Fuels and Chemicals from Biomass. Washington, D.C.: American Chemical Society. Download full-text article:
Acrobat file, 912kb
MS Word file, 212kb

See also: Fats and oils -- resources

Back to top


Biofuels
En español -- Biocombustibles, biodiesel
Biofuels Library
Biofuels supplies and suppliers

Biodiesel
Make your own biodiesel
Mike Pelly's recipe
Two-stage biodiesel process
FOOLPROOF biodiesel process
Biodiesel processors
Biodiesel in Hong Kong
Nitrogen Oxide emissions
Glycerine
Biodiesel resources on the Web
Do diesels have a future?
Vegetable oil yields and characteristics
Washing
Biodiesel and your vehicle
Food or fuel?
Straight vegetable oil as diesel fuel

Ethanol
Ethanol resources on the Web
Is ethanol energy-efficient?


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