The chemical constituents of milk are: water, butterfat, albuminoids (including casein and albumin), milk sugar and ash or mineral matter. For legal and other purposes the composition of milk is usually stated as fat, solids not fat, total solids, and water. The solids not fat include the albuminoids, ash and sugar, and the total solids everything except water. The minimum legal requirements are 3 per cent fat and 8.5 per cent solids not fat; when milk falls below this standard it is presumed at law to be adulterated until the contrary is proved.

                 Albumin- Milk Sugar Ash  Water
                  oids    Fat
Cow (average)      3.73  3.58  4.90  0.71  87.08
Human              3.78  2.29  6.21  0.31  87.41
Goat               4.78  4.29  4.46  0.76  85.71
Ewe                6.86  6.52  4.91  0.89  80.82
Mare               1.20  2.00  5.70  0.40  90.70
Sow                4.55  7.23  3.13  1.05  84.04
Colostrum          3.40 20.70  2.50  1.80  71.70
Medium Cream      36.20  6.00  2.50  0.30  55.00
Devonshire Cream  67.50  4.90  1.00  0.50  26.10
Separated Milk     0.20  3.30  5.10  0.60  90.80
Buttermilk         0.50  3.60  4.06  0.75  90.39

                   Fat   Albumin- Total   Water
                          oids    Solids
First quart drawn  1.20   3.70    10.58   89.42
Last quart drawn   7.88   3.48    16.63   83.37
Strippings        10.00   3.37    19.40   80.60

1. (a) If rectangular, multiply length by breadth by height.
b) If circular, multiply circumference by itself and by .08 and then by height. (c) If prism, multiply length by breadth at base and then by half the height. (d) If cone, multiply circumference at base by itself and by .08 and then by one-third the perpendicular height.

Estimating Stack Weights

2. Add (d) and (c) or (b) and (d) together: result will be contents in cubic feet if measurements taken in feet.

3. Reduce to cubic yards by dividing by 27.

4. Reduce to tons by dividing by one of the following numbers according to the shape and condition of the stack:

Hay Weights

                  Number of cubic yards per ton 
                  Rectangular    Round 
If not settled        12           13 
If compact             8            9

Straw

Number of cubic yards per ton:
  Wheat, 18-20   Oats 20-23   Barley 20-23

Roots

  Weight per cubic foot in clamp:
Turnips 33 lb.  Mangolds 35 lb.   Carrots 31 lb. 
 Swedes 34 lb.  Potatoes 42 lb.  Parsnips 31 lb.

Compost

   1 cubic yard of compost weighs 12 to 16 cwt. or 1 ton of compost bulks 1-1/4 to 1-3/8 cubic yards, when mature.

Silos

   A silo 15 feet diameter and 30 feet high (5,300 cubic feet) holds 100 tons of silage, the yield of 6 acres maize, 10 acres of oats and vetches, 13 acres of clover ley, 20 acres meadow grass, 12 acres sainfoin or lucerne.

   A silo 12 feet diameter and 24 feet high has half the above capacity.

   1 cubic yard of finished silage weighs approximately 1 ton.

   In order to build a body of wider knowledge and experience in the natural herbal methods pioneered by the author, and to facilitate the proper use of his treatments the Herb-royal Animal Health Association has been formed.

   Mr. Newman Turner has placed his experience and herbal knowledge free of charge to members of the Association, from which also the herbs used in his treatments are avialable on special terms to members prepared to join in the work of eliminating animal diseases by natural herbal methods.

   Membership is open to cattle, sheep, horse and goat breeders at 3 gns per annum on application to the Herb-royal Animal Health Association, 33 Cornhill, Bridgwater, Somerset. Telephone Bridgwater 3333. 



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